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(Ipomoea violacea)
INTRODUCTION :
Ipomoea violacea is a climbing vine that is native to Meso-America. In pre colonial times the plant was of medicinal and religious value: the Aztec- and other Indians ingested its seeds ritually for divination; the Indians prepared hallucinogenic drinks from the seeds to see visions.3,6
I. violacea is probably identical with the ancient Aztec narcotic 'tlitliltzin' and it appears that tlitliltzin seeds were employed in a similar manner as Turbina corymbosa seeds (ololiuqui)3,4. In 'Magische gifte' V.A. Reko has translated a paragraph from Fray Bernardino de Sahagun's 'Historia Universalis': "Da gibt es ein Gewächs ,das sie Coatl-xoxouhqui (grüne schlange) nennen und das bringt einen Samen hervor, der ololiuqui heibt. Dieser same berauscht und macht verrückt. Die, welche ihn genommen haben, bekommen Visionen and sehen erschreckende Sachen".
Ximenez has written about the climbing vine of the gods in his ' Cuatro libros de la naturaleza': "In den alten zeiten, da haben die Götzenpriester der Indianer, die mit ihrem Teufel verkehren oder sich bei ihm Auskunft über gewisse Frage holen wollten. Ololiuqui-samen eingenommen, um sich zu berauschen und verrückt zu machen. Sie sahen dann Tausende von Gespenstern, die ihnen in ihren Träumen erschienen".8
Phytochemical investigations determined the presence of ergot alkaloids in the leaves and seeds.
EFFECTS :
Psychedelic; euphoria, extreme lassitude, listlessness, changes in visual and auditory perception, emotional disturbances and a desire to sleep. Time and space perception are seriously altered
Autonomic effects: nausea, pupillary dilation, tremor, retching, rise of blood pressure and body temperature.
DURATION :
The effects start half an hour after ingestion and last for 4-8 hours
Dosage and preparation
20-300 seeds produce psychedelic effects. 2, 4, 5 After pulverizing the seeds, a cold water infusion may be prepared, but the seeds may also be swallowed. The taste is quite bitter.
Synergistic effects occur when the seeds are combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).
 Figure: I. violacea seeds
Botanical aspects :
I. violacea, which is a member of Convolvulaceae; subfamily Convolvuloideae, Tribus Ipomoeae. This climbing vine is ingigenous to tropical regions of Mexico, but now spread over all tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental.
I. violacea is an annual that has heart-shaped foliage, blue-violet funnel-shaped flowers that are only opend during the day and three cornered black seeds. The plant grows 3 meters in length and requires much water. The germination of the seeds requires a humid, warm environment (18-25 °C) and lasts 1-2 weeks.
 Figure: I. violacea
Phytochemistry :
The psychotomimetic principles of I. violacea are ergot alkaloids of which some have also been isolated from the sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea.
The biosynthesis of these alkaloids is initiated in the leaves and from there precursor-molecules are distributed to the seeds: the heart-shaped leaves contain d-lysergic acid amide (ergine), d-isolysergic acid amide (isoergine) and ergometrine and the seeds ergine, isoergine, chanoclavine, lysergol and the N-1-hydroxyethylamides of both isomeric amides. 4 The fresh seeds have an alkaloid content of 0.02-0.1 %.
Elymoclavine and lysergol (reduction products of lysergic acid) and penniclavine have also been isolated. Ergine is active in doses of 2-5 mg
Table 1.13: Lysergic acid derivatives
R1 R2 Compound
H H Lysergic acid amide (ergine, LSA)
H CH(CH3)CH2OH Ergometrine
H CH(CH3)OH N-(1hydroxyethyl ) ergine
C2H5 C2H5 Lysergic acid diethylamide (= LSD, a semi-synthethic)
Pharmacology :
Ergine, isoergine, N-(1hydroxyethyl) ergine, ergometrine, elymoclavine and lysergol are considered to be responsible for the psychedelic effects. 3,5 The structurally similarity between these alkaloids and the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonine might explain the hallucinogenic activity by mutual influence on the active sites of the central nervous system; the psychoactive principles appear to be partial agonists on the G-protein-linked a-adrenergic- and on various serotonergic- receptors (the serotonergic receptor-subtype 5-HT2A appears to be directly involved in hallucinogenic activity).
MODIFIERS :
- MAO-inhibitors and sympathomimetic amines (amphetamine, ephedrine etc.) have synergistic effects; they prolong and intensify the experience. 1, 2, 4
- Caffeine in combination with MAOI can cause hyperreactivity and suspiciousness.
- Other ergot alkaloids (LSD), tryptamines (psilocybin, DMT) and phenylthylamines (mescaline) alter and intensify the effects.4
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin c) doesn't change the intensity of the experience, but it alters its quality: it increases concentration and decreases paranoid thinking. The user will also be less tired at the end of the experience.2
- Hashish or marihuana can also alter the experience. It usually produces a positive feeling.
- Tricyclic-antidepressants and a-typical neuroleptica that act as antagonists on the receptor subtype 5-HT2A (risperidon) antagonize the effects
Should NOT be combined with MAO-inhibitors
- other MAO-inhibitors
- alcohol
- amphetamine/ ephedrine (Ephedra)
- high doses of antihistaminica
- large amounts of coffee
- tyramine containg foods:
- chocolate
- aged cheese
- red wine
- nutmeg (large doses)
- citrus fruits (oranges, grape fruits etc.)
REFERENCES :
1. [Forth/ Henschler/ Rummel/ Fostermann/ Starke, 2001]
2. [Hoffer/ Osmond, 1967]
3. [Hoffmann/ Schultes, 1973]
4. [Ratsch, 1998]
5. [Shulgin, 1997]
6. [Stafford, 1974]
7. [Trachsel/ Richard, 2000]
(Text by Wout.) |
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